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<table border="\"1\"" cellspacing="\"1\"" cellpadding="\"0\"">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Date</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Science et technologie</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Alimentation et agriculture</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Industrie, énergie et environnement</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Médecine et pharmacie</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1970</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Découverte des enzymes de restriction (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Arber, Smith, Nathan)</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> <br />- Découverte de la transcriptase réverse (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Temin</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">, <strong>Mitzutani, Baltimore</strong>)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Les poudres à laver (celles contenant des enzymes) peuvent causer des réactions allergiques. Diminution de la consommation de ces poudres à laver.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1972 - 3</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premières présentations d\'expériences de génie génétique : découpe et ligation d\'ADN en utilisant des enzymes de restriction et des ligases (obtention d\'ADN chimère) (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Berg</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">, <strong>Cohen, Chang, Boyer</strong>).</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Production d\'autres types de préparations d\'enzymes pour les poudres à laver.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1973</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Le gouvernement brésilien initie un programme de production d\'éthanol..</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1973</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">La première création d\' hybridomes pour la production d\'anticorps monoclonaux.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><em><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Novo</span></strong></em><span style="font-family: "Times;"> introduit le <strong>TeramylR </strong>pour l\' hydrolyse de l\'amidon : il s\'agit d\'un enzyme stable à haute température.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1974</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Berg </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">propose un moratoire concernant les expériences de génie génétique.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier "choc prétrolier".</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en place d\'une production de poudre à laver exempte de poussières.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1975</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\"">- La <strong><em><span style="font-family: "Times;">Conférence</span></em></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> d\'<strong><em>Asilomar </em></strong>impose un moratoire d\'un an concernant le génie génétique.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en place par l\'UNESCO et l\'ONU du réseau des centres de Ressources microbiologiques (MIRCENS).</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><em><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Novo</span></strong></em><span style="font-family: "Times;"> introduit le<em><strong> </strong></em><strong>SweetzymeR </strong>pour la transformation du glucose en fructose : production de HCFS (High Fructose Corn Syrup), édulcorant susceptible de remplacer le saccharose.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1975</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Obtention d\'myopathieanticorps monoclonaux ( ACMC) par fusion de cellules (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Köhler </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et<strong> Milstein</strong>)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1976</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Fondation de la société <strong><em>Genentech (USA) </em></strong>: première compagnie s\'intéressant au développement des techniques du génie génétique à l\'échelle industrielle</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1977</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Obtention de l\'ADN copie (ADNc) de l\'insuline, de l\'hormone de croissance du rat et de la Gonadotrophine Chorionique humaine (HCG). <br />- Techniques de séquençage des gènes (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Maxam, Gilbert</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">,</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Sanger</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1978</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mutagénèse directe.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1979</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Clonage et expression de l\'insuline humaine et clonage de l\'hormone de croissance humaine chez E. coli (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Goeddel</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"><a href="\"> </a>chez <em><strong>Genetech</strong></em>)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1980</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Génie génétique des cellules végétales (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">van Montaigu</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">) <br />- Mise au point de l\'<em>amplification de chaîne par polymérase</em> (<em>ACP</em> ou, en anglais, <em>PCR</em> - <em>Polymerase Chain Reaction</em>) (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Mullis</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"><a href="\"> </a>chez <em><strong>Cetus</strong></em>, une autre compagnie privée américaine)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Début de la construction de la première installation industrielle susceptible de produire de l\'insuline en utilisant les méthodes de l\'ADN recombinant.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1981</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier animal transgénique (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Brinster </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et <strong>Palmiter</strong>) <br />- La Cours Suprême américaine décide que les micro-organismes obtenus par génie génétique peuvent être brevetés.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1982</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en vente de la première insuline obtenue par génie génétique (HUMULIN<em>TR</em>). <br />- Description d\'un nouveau syndrome dénommé "Syndrome d\'immuno-déficience acquise" ou SIDA (en anglais, "Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome" ou AIDS).</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1983</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Création du Comité National d\'Ethique (France)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1983</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier test de recherche des <em>Chlamydia </em>utilisant des anticorps monoclonaux (<strong><em>Syntex</em></strong>, une compagnie américaine)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1984</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Séquençage du virus du SIDA (<strong><em>Chiron</em></strong>,<strong> </strong>compagnie américaine)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1985</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Invention des "empreintes génétiques" (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Jeffreys</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1986</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en vente de l\'hormone de croissance obtenue par génie génétique.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1987</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Début du projet de séquençage du génome humain ("human genome project")</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier tabac modifié génétiquement.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1988</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier brevet de souris transgénique (Harvard University, USA)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Isolement du gène déficient dans la myopathie (<em>Duchenne muscular dystrophy - (DMD))</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><em><span style="font-family: "Times;">1989</span></em></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><em><span style="font-family: "Times;">- </span></em><span style="font-family: "Times;">Premier protocole officiel de thérapie génique<br />- Isolement du gène déficient dans la mucoviscidose.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1990</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1991: 24 MIRCENS</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier protocole officiel de thérapie génique sur une fillette souffrant d\'une déficience enzymatique (ADA).</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1995</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en vente de soja et de tomates transgéniques ; résistance de certains groupes de consommateurs.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1996</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en vente de produits issus de colza trangénique ; résistance de certains groupes de consommateurs.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1997</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Naissance des brebis "Dolly"; et "Polly", obtenues par clonage d\'une cellule adulte ; de plus "Polly" est un animal transgénique</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!-- phpmyvisites --><p> </p>
<table border="\"1\"" cellspacing="\"1\"" cellpadding="\"0\"">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Date</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Science et technologie</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Alimentation et agriculture</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Industrie, énergie et environnement</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Médecine et pharmacie</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1970</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Découverte des enzymes de restriction (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Arber, Smith, Nathan)</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> <br />- Découverte de la transcriptase réverse (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Temin</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">, <strong>Mitzutani, Baltimore</strong>)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Les poudres à laver (celles contenant des enzymes) peuvent causer des réactions allergiques. Diminution de la consommation de ces poudres à laver.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1972 - 3</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premières présentations d\'expériences de génie génétique : découpe et ligation d\'ADN en utilisant des enzymes de restriction et des ligases (obtention d\'ADN chimère) (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Berg</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">, <strong>Cohen, Chang, Boyer</strong>).</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Production d\'autres types de préparations d\'enzymes pour les poudres à laver.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1973</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Le gouvernement brésilien initie un programme de production d\'éthanol..</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1973</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">La première création d\' hybridomes pour la production d\'anticorps monoclonaux.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><em><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Novo</span></strong></em><span style="font-family: "Times;"> introduit le <strong>TeramylR </strong>pour l\' hydrolyse de l\'amidon : il s\'agit d\'un enzyme stable à haute température.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1974</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Berg </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">propose un moratoire concernant les expériences de génie génétique.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier "choc prétrolier".</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en place d\'une production de poudre à laver exempte de poussières.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1975</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\"">- La <strong><em><span style="font-family: "Times;">Conférence</span></em></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> d\'<strong><em>Asilomar </em></strong>impose un moratoire d\'un an concernant le génie génétique.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en place par l\'UNESCO et l\'ONU du réseau des centres de Ressources microbiologiques (MIRCENS).</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><em><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Novo</span></strong></em><span style="font-family: "Times;"> introduit le<em><strong> </strong></em><strong>SweetzymeR </strong>pour la transformation du glucose en fructose : production de HCFS (High Fructose Corn Syrup), édulcorant susceptible de remplacer le saccharose.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1975</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Obtention d\'myopathieanticorps monoclonaux ( ACMC) par fusion de cellules (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Köhler </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et<strong> Milstein</strong>)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1976</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Fondation de la société <strong><em>Genentech (USA) </em></strong>: première compagnie s\'intéressant au développement des techniques du génie génétique à l\'échelle industrielle</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1977</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Obtention de l\'ADN copie (ADNc) de l\'insuline, de l\'hormone de croissance du rat et de la Gonadotrophine Chorionique humaine (HCG). <br />- Techniques de séquençage des gènes (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Maxam, Gilbert</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">,</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Sanger</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1978</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mutagénèse directe.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1979</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Clonage et expression de l\'insuline humaine et clonage de l\'hormone de croissance humaine chez E. coli (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Goeddel</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"><a href="\"> </a>chez <em><strong>Genetech</strong></em>)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1980</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Génie génétique des cellules végétales (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">van Montaigu</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">) <br />- Mise au point de l\'<em>amplification de chaîne par polymérase</em> (<em>ACP</em> ou, en anglais, <em>PCR</em> - <em>Polymerase Chain Reaction</em>) (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Mullis</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"><a href="\"> </a>chez <em><strong>Cetus</strong></em>, une autre compagnie privée américaine)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Début de la construction de la première installation industrielle susceptible de produire de l\'insuline en utilisant les méthodes de l\'ADN recombinant.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1981</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier animal transgénique (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Brinster </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et <strong>Palmiter</strong>) <br />- La Cours Suprême américaine décide que les micro-organismes obtenus par génie génétique peuvent être brevetés.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1982</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en vente de la première insuline obtenue par génie génétique (HUMULIN<em>TR</em>). <br />- Description d\'un nouveau syndrome dénommé "Syndrome d\'immuno-déficience acquise" ou SIDA (en anglais, "Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome" ou AIDS).</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1983</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Création du Comité National d\'Ethique (France)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1983</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier test de recherche des <em>Chlamydia </em>utilisant des anticorps monoclonaux (<strong><em>Syntex</em></strong>, une compagnie américaine)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1984</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Séquençage du virus du SIDA (<strong><em>Chiron</em></strong>,<strong> </strong>compagnie américaine)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1985</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Invention des "empreintes génétiques" (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Jeffreys</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1986</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en vente de l\'hormone de croissance obtenue par génie génétique.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1987</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Début du projet de séquençage du génome humain ("human genome project")</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier tabac modifié génétiquement.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1988</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier brevet de souris transgénique (Harvard University, USA)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Isolement du gène déficient dans la myopathie (<em>Duchenne muscular dystrophy - (DMD))</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><em><span style="font-family: "Times;">1989</span></em></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><em><span style="font-family: "Times;">- </span></em><span style="font-family: "Times;">Premier protocole officiel de thérapie génique<br />- Isolement du gène déficient dans la mucoviscidose.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1990</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1991: 24 MIRCENS</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier protocole officiel de thérapie génique sur une fillette souffrant d\'une déficience enzymatique (ADA).</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1995</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en vente de soja et de tomates transgéniques ; résistance de certains groupes de consommateurs.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1996</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en vente de produits issus de colza trangénique ; résistance de certains groupes de consommateurs.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1997</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Naissance des brebis "Dolly"; et "Polly", obtenues par clonage d\'une cellule adulte ; de plus "Polly" est un animal transgénique</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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