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<table border="\"1\"" cellspacing="\"1\"" cellpadding="\"0\"">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Date</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Science et technologie</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Alimentation et agriculture</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Industrie, énergie et environnement</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Médecine et pharmacie</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1970</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Découverte des enzymes de restriction (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Arber, Smith, Nathan)</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> <br />- Découverte de la transcriptase réverse (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Temin</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">, <strong>Mitzutani, Baltimore</strong>)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Les poudres à laver (celles contenant des enzymes) peuvent causer des réactions allergiques. Diminution de la consommation de ces poudres à laver.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1972 - 3</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premières présentations d\'expériences de génie génétique : découpe et ligation d\'ADN en utilisant des enzymes de restriction et des ligases (obtention d\'ADN chimère) (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Berg</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">, <strong>Cohen, Chang, Boyer</strong>).</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Production d\'autres types de préparations d\'enzymes pour les poudres à laver.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1973</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Le gouvernement brésilien initie un programme de production d\'éthanol..</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1973</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">La première création d\' hybridomes pour la production d\'anticorps monoclonaux.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><em><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Novo</span></strong></em><span style="font-family: "Times;"> introduit le <strong>TeramylR </strong>pour l\' hydrolyse de l\'amidon : il s\'agit d\'un enzyme stable à haute température.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1974</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Berg </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">propose un moratoire concernant les expériences de génie génétique.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier "choc prétrolier".</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en place d\'une production de poudre à laver exempte de poussières.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1975</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\"">- La <strong><em><span style="font-family: "Times;">Conférence</span></em></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> d\'<strong><em>Asilomar </em></strong>impose un moratoire d\'un an concernant le génie génétique.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en place par l\'UNESCO et l\'ONU du réseau des centres de Ressources microbiologiques (MIRCENS).</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><em><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Novo</span></strong></em><span style="font-family: "Times;"> introduit le<em><strong> </strong></em><strong>SweetzymeR </strong>pour la transformation du glucose en fructose : production de HCFS (High Fructose Corn Syrup), édulcorant susceptible de remplacer le saccharose.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1975</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Obtention d\'myopathieanticorps monoclonaux ( ACMC) par fusion de cellules (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Köhler </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et<strong> Milstein</strong>)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1976</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Fondation de la société <strong><em>Genentech (USA) </em></strong>: première compagnie s\'intéressant au développement des techniques du génie génétique à l\'échelle industrielle</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1977</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Obtention de l\'ADN copie (ADNc) de l\'insuline, de l\'hormone de croissance du rat et de la Gonadotrophine Chorionique humaine (HCG). <br />- Techniques de séquençage des gènes (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Maxam, Gilbert</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">,</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Sanger</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1978</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mutagénèse directe.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1979</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Clonage et expression de l\'insuline humaine et clonage de l\'hormone de croissance humaine chez E. coli (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Goeddel</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"><a href="\"> </a>chez <em><strong>Genetech</strong></em>)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1980</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Génie génétique des cellules végétales (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">van Montaigu</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">) <br />- Mise au point de l\'<em>amplification de chaîne par polymérase</em> (<em>ACP</em> ou, en anglais, <em>PCR</em> - <em>Polymerase Chain Reaction</em>) (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Mullis</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"><a href="\"> </a>chez <em><strong>Cetus</strong></em>, une autre compagnie privée américaine)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Début de la construction de la première installation industrielle susceptible de produire de l\'insuline en utilisant les méthodes de l\'ADN recombinant.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1981</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier animal transgénique (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Brinster </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et <strong>Palmiter</strong>) <br />- La Cours Suprême américaine décide que les micro-organismes obtenus par génie génétique peuvent être brevetés.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1982</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en vente de la première insuline obtenue par génie génétique (HUMULIN<em>TR</em>). <br />- Description d\'un nouveau syndrome dénommé "Syndrome d\'immuno-déficience acquise" ou SIDA (en anglais, "Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome" ou AIDS).</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1983</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Création du Comité National d\'Ethique (France)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1983</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier test de recherche des <em>Chlamydia </em>utilisant des anticorps monoclonaux (<strong><em>Syntex</em></strong>, une compagnie américaine)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1984</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Séquençage du virus du SIDA (<strong><em>Chiron</em></strong>,<strong> </strong>compagnie américaine)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1985</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Invention des "empreintes génétiques" (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Jeffreys</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1986</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en vente de l\'hormone de croissance obtenue par génie génétique.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1987</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Début du projet de séquençage du génome humain ("human genome project")</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier tabac modifié génétiquement.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1988</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier brevet de souris transgénique (Harvard University, USA)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Isolement du gène déficient dans la myopathie (<em>Duchenne muscular dystrophy - (DMD))</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><em><span style="font-family: "Times;">1989</span></em></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><em><span style="font-family: "Times;">- </span></em><span style="font-family: "Times;">Premier protocole officiel de thérapie génique<br />- Isolement du gène déficient dans la mucoviscidose.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1990</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1991: 24 MIRCENS</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier protocole officiel de thérapie génique sur une fillette souffrant d\'une déficience enzymatique (ADA).</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1995</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en vente de soja et de tomates transgéniques ; résistance de certains groupes de consommateurs.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1996</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en vente de produits issus de colza trangénique ; résistance de certains groupes de consommateurs.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1997</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Naissance des brebis "Dolly"; et "Polly", obtenues par clonage d\'une cellule adulte ; de plus "Polly" est un animal transgénique</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!-- phpmyvisites --><p> </p>
<table border="\"1\"" cellspacing="\"1\"" cellpadding="\"0\"">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Date</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Science et technologie</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Alimentation et agriculture</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Industrie, énergie et environnement</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Médecine et pharmacie</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1970</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Découverte des enzymes de restriction (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Arber, Smith, Nathan)</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> <br />- Découverte de la transcriptase réverse (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Temin</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">, <strong>Mitzutani, Baltimore</strong>)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Les poudres à laver (celles contenant des enzymes) peuvent causer des réactions allergiques. Diminution de la consommation de ces poudres à laver.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1972 - 3</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premières présentations d\'expériences de génie génétique : découpe et ligation d\'ADN en utilisant des enzymes de restriction et des ligases (obtention d\'ADN chimère) (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Berg</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">, <strong>Cohen, Chang, Boyer</strong>).</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Production d\'autres types de préparations d\'enzymes pour les poudres à laver.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1973</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Le gouvernement brésilien initie un programme de production d\'éthanol..</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1973</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">La première création d\' hybridomes pour la production d\'anticorps monoclonaux.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><em><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Novo</span></strong></em><span style="font-family: "Times;"> introduit le <strong>TeramylR </strong>pour l\' hydrolyse de l\'amidon : il s\'agit d\'un enzyme stable à haute température.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1974</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Berg </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">propose un moratoire concernant les expériences de génie génétique.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier "choc prétrolier".</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en place d\'une production de poudre à laver exempte de poussières.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1975</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\"">- La <strong><em><span style="font-family: "Times;">Conférence</span></em></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> d\'<strong><em>Asilomar </em></strong>impose un moratoire d\'un an concernant le génie génétique.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en place par l\'UNESCO et l\'ONU du réseau des centres de Ressources microbiologiques (MIRCENS).</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><em><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Novo</span></strong></em><span style="font-family: "Times;"> introduit le<em><strong> </strong></em><strong>SweetzymeR </strong>pour la transformation du glucose en fructose : production de HCFS (High Fructose Corn Syrup), édulcorant susceptible de remplacer le saccharose.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1975</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Obtention d\'myopathieanticorps monoclonaux ( ACMC) par fusion de cellules (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Köhler </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et<strong> Milstein</strong>)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1976</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Fondation de la société <strong><em>Genentech (USA) </em></strong>: première compagnie s\'intéressant au développement des techniques du génie génétique à l\'échelle industrielle</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1977</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Obtention de l\'ADN copie (ADNc) de l\'insuline, de l\'hormone de croissance du rat et de la Gonadotrophine Chorionique humaine (HCG). <br />- Techniques de séquençage des gènes (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Maxam, Gilbert</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">,</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Sanger</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1978</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mutagénèse directe.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1979</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Clonage et expression de l\'insuline humaine et clonage de l\'hormone de croissance humaine chez E. coli (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Goeddel</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"><a href="\"> </a>chez <em><strong>Genetech</strong></em>)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1980</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Génie génétique des cellules végétales (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">van Montaigu</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">) <br />- Mise au point de l\'<em>amplification de chaîne par polymérase</em> (<em>ACP</em> ou, en anglais, <em>PCR</em> - <em>Polymerase Chain Reaction</em>) (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Mullis</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"><a href="\"> </a>chez <em><strong>Cetus</strong></em>, une autre compagnie privée américaine)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Début de la construction de la première installation industrielle susceptible de produire de l\'insuline en utilisant les méthodes de l\'ADN recombinant.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1981</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier animal transgénique (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Brinster </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et <strong>Palmiter</strong>) <br />- La Cours Suprême américaine décide que les micro-organismes obtenus par génie génétique peuvent être brevetés.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1982</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en vente de la première insuline obtenue par génie génétique (HUMULIN<em>TR</em>). <br />- Description d\'un nouveau syndrome dénommé "Syndrome d\'immuno-déficience acquise" ou SIDA (en anglais, "Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome" ou AIDS).</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1983</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Création du Comité National d\'Ethique (France)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1983</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier test de recherche des <em>Chlamydia </em>utilisant des anticorps monoclonaux (<strong><em>Syntex</em></strong>, une compagnie américaine)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1984</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Séquençage du virus du SIDA (<strong><em>Chiron</em></strong>,<strong> </strong>compagnie américaine)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1985</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Invention des "empreintes génétiques" (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Jeffreys</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1986</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en vente de l\'hormone de croissance obtenue par génie génétique.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1987</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Début du projet de séquençage du génome humain ("human genome project")</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier tabac modifié génétiquement.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1988</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier brevet de souris transgénique (Harvard University, USA)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Isolement du gène déficient dans la myopathie (<em>Duchenne muscular dystrophy - (DMD))</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><em><span style="font-family: "Times;">1989</span></em></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><em><span style="font-family: "Times;">- </span></em><span style="font-family: "Times;">Premier protocole officiel de thérapie génique<br />- Isolement du gène déficient dans la mucoviscidose.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1990</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1991: 24 MIRCENS</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier protocole officiel de thérapie génique sur une fillette souffrant d\'une déficience enzymatique (ADA).</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1995</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en vente de soja et de tomates transgéniques ; résistance de certains groupes de consommateurs.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1996</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Mise en vente de produits issus de colza trangénique ; résistance de certains groupes de consommateurs.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1997</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Naissance des brebis "Dolly"; et "Polly", obtenues par clonage d\'une cellule adulte ; de plus "Polly" est un animal transgénique</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!-- phpmyvisites -->Trente glorieuses2010-03-26T12:11:04Z2010-03-26T12:11:04Zhttp://hbiotec.eu/joomla1.5/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=34:trente-glorieuses&catid=25:trente-glorieuses&Itemid=6Administratorpostmaster@hbiotec.eu<p> </p>
<table border="\"1\"" cellspacing="\"1\"" cellpadding="\"0\"">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Date</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Science et technologie</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Alimentation et agriculture</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Industrie, énergie et environnement</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Médecine et pharmacie</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1950</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Intérêt accru pour les digesteurs produisant du méthane (en Chine et Inde)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Production industrielle de nouveaux antibiotiques tels que la streptomycine et la céphalosporine.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1953</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">-</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Watson</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> et <strong>Crick</strong> proposent le modèle classique de la structure de l'ADN en double hélice.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Utilisation d'amylase fongique pour la production de types spécifiques de sirop; c'est à dire de différents types de sucres ne pouvant pas être obtenus par hydrolyse acide conventionnelle (réalisation d'une hydrolyse partielle).</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1955</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Détermination de la première structure de protéine : celle de l'insuline.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">-</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Hoerberger </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">conclut que les connaissances du moment ne permettent pas d'entretenir l'espoir de l'existence d'un procédé commercialement de croissance de micro-organismes sur du pétrole.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- La production d'antibiotiques commence ou continue dans la plupart des pays industrialisés.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1956</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Découverte de l'ADN polymérase I (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Ko</span><span style="font-family: "Times;">rnberg</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">) <br />- Découverte de l'ARN de transfert.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Pasveer</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> développe, aux pays Bas, un procédé d'oxydation en continu pour le traitement des eaux usées (Procédé Pasveer).</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1957</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Début du travail d'un microbiologiste français, Champagnat à Marseille : croissance de micro-organismes sur des hydrocarbures en collaboration avec <em><strong>BP France</strong></em>.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Découverte de l\'interféron (<strong>Isaacs</strong>, <strong>Lindeman</strong>)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1960</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Découverte de l'ARN messager (ARNm)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Des chercheurs de la compagnie américaine <strong><em>Du Pont </em></strong>identifient des extraits acellulaires d'une bactérie susceptibles de fixer l'azote en ammoniaque.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Développement de la production de nombreuses substances par fermentation profonde : acides lactique et citrique, acetone et butanol, ....</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1961</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Nirenberg </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">décrypte le code génétique.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Début du projet de Lord Rank visant à produire à grande échelle des micro-organismes pour l\'alimentation humaine.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- La compagnie danoise <em><strong>Novo </strong></em>met sur la marché une protéase alcaline utilisée pour les poudres à laver : AlcalaseTR.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1962</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Jacob </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et <strong>Monod </strong>postulent le modèle de l'opéron (opéron lactose de E. coli).</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- <em><strong>BP France</strong></em> construit une usine (fermentation industrielle) à Lavéra (Sud de la France) pour la culture de micro-organismes (TOPRINA, comme exemple de <em>POU - Protéines d\'Origne Unicellulaire</em>) sur du pétrole.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Utilisation des micro-organismes pour la préparation de l'uranium.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1964</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Nirenberg </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et <strong>Ochoa</strong> établissent la correspondance entre triplets de bases sur l'ARNm et un acide aminé : le code génétique.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Les compagnies <em><strong>ICI</strong></em>, <em><strong>Shell </strong></em>and <em><strong>Hoechst</strong></em>, à leur tour, projettent des usines pour l'obtention de <strong>POU </strong>( <em>SCP ou Single -Cell Proteins</em>, en anglais)</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Introduction d'une amyloglucosidase pour l'hydrolyse compléte de l'amidon en glucose. L'utilisation d'une hydrolyse enzymatique au lieu d'une hydrolyse acide permet un meilleur rendement, un plus grand degré de pureté et une cristallisation plus facile.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1967</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Première détermination de la structure spatiale d'une protéine : le lysozyme</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1968</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier isolement d'un gène par des techniques d'hybridation.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Chibata</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> réalise l'immobilisation de la <em>L-amino acylase </em>(à l'échelle industrielle en vue de la production d'acides aminés).</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1970</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Découverte des enzymes de restriction (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Arber, Smith, Nathan)</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> <br />- Découverte de la transcriptase réverse (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Temin</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">, <strong>Mitzutani, Baltimore</strong>)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Les poudres à laver (celles contenant des enzymes) peuvent causer des réactions allergiques. Diminution de la consommation de ces poudres à laver.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1972 - 3</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premières présentations d'expériences de génie génétique : découpe et ligation d'ADN en utilisant des enzymes de restriction et des ligases (obtention d\'ADN chimère) (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Berg</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">, <strong>Cohen, Chang, Boyer</strong>).</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Production d'autres types de préparations d'enzymes pour les poudres à laver.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!-- phpmyvisites --><p> </p>
<table border="\"1\"" cellspacing="\"1\"" cellpadding="\"0\"">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Date</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Science et technologie</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Alimentation et agriculture</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Industrie, énergie et environnement</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Médecine et pharmacie</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1950</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Intérêt accru pour les digesteurs produisant du méthane (en Chine et Inde)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Production industrielle de nouveaux antibiotiques tels que la streptomycine et la céphalosporine.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1953</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">-</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Watson</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> et <strong>Crick</strong> proposent le modèle classique de la structure de l'ADN en double hélice.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Utilisation d'amylase fongique pour la production de types spécifiques de sirop; c'est à dire de différents types de sucres ne pouvant pas être obtenus par hydrolyse acide conventionnelle (réalisation d'une hydrolyse partielle).</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1955</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Détermination de la première structure de protéine : celle de l'insuline.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">-</span></strong><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Hoerberger </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">conclut que les connaissances du moment ne permettent pas d'entretenir l'espoir de l'existence d'un procédé commercialement de croissance de micro-organismes sur du pétrole.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- La production d'antibiotiques commence ou continue dans la plupart des pays industrialisés.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1956</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Découverte de l'ADN polymérase I (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Ko</span><span style="font-family: "Times;">rnberg</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">) <br />- Découverte de l'ARN de transfert.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Pasveer</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> développe, aux pays Bas, un procédé d'oxydation en continu pour le traitement des eaux usées (Procédé Pasveer).</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1957</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Début du travail d'un microbiologiste français, Champagnat à Marseille : croissance de micro-organismes sur des hydrocarbures en collaboration avec <em><strong>BP France</strong></em>.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Découverte de l\'interféron (<strong>Isaacs</strong>, <strong>Lindeman</strong>)</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1960</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Découverte de l'ARN messager (ARNm)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Des chercheurs de la compagnie américaine <strong><em>Du Pont </em></strong>identifient des extraits acellulaires d'une bactérie susceptibles de fixer l'azote en ammoniaque.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Développement de la production de nombreuses substances par fermentation profonde : acides lactique et citrique, acetone et butanol, ....</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1961</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Nirenberg </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">décrypte le code génétique.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Début du projet de Lord Rank visant à produire à grande échelle des micro-organismes pour l\'alimentation humaine.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- La compagnie danoise <em><strong>Novo </strong></em>met sur la marché une protéase alcaline utilisée pour les poudres à laver : AlcalaseTR.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1962</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Jacob </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et <strong>Monod </strong>postulent le modèle de l'opéron (opéron lactose de E. coli).</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- <em><strong>BP France</strong></em> construit une usine (fermentation industrielle) à Lavéra (Sud de la France) pour la culture de micro-organismes (TOPRINA, comme exemple de <em>POU - Protéines d\'Origne Unicellulaire</em>) sur du pétrole.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Utilisation des micro-organismes pour la préparation de l'uranium.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1964</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Nirenberg </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et <strong>Ochoa</strong> établissent la correspondance entre triplets de bases sur l'ARNm et un acide aminé : le code génétique.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Les compagnies <em><strong>ICI</strong></em>, <em><strong>Shell </strong></em>and <em><strong>Hoechst</strong></em>, à leur tour, projettent des usines pour l'obtention de <strong>POU </strong>( <em>SCP ou Single -Cell Proteins</em>, en anglais)</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Introduction d'une amyloglucosidase pour l'hydrolyse compléte de l'amidon en glucose. L'utilisation d'une hydrolyse enzymatique au lieu d'une hydrolyse acide permet un meilleur rendement, un plus grand degré de pureté et une cristallisation plus facile.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1967</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Première détermination de la structure spatiale d'une protéine : le lysozyme</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1968</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premier isolement d'un gène par des techniques d'hybridation.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Chibata</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> réalise l'immobilisation de la <em>L-amino acylase </em>(à l'échelle industrielle en vue de la production d'acides aminés).</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1970</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Découverte des enzymes de restriction (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Arber, Smith, Nathan)</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> <br />- Découverte de la transcriptase réverse (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Temin</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">, <strong>Mitzutani, Baltimore</strong>)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Les poudres à laver (celles contenant des enzymes) peuvent causer des réactions allergiques. Diminution de la consommation de ces poudres à laver.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1972 - 3</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Premières présentations d'expériences de génie génétique : découpe et ligation d'ADN en utilisant des enzymes de restriction et des ligases (obtention d\'ADN chimère) (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Berg</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">, <strong>Cohen, Chang, Boyer</strong>).</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Production d'autres types de préparations d'enzymes pour les poudres à laver.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!-- phpmyvisites -->Guerre et entre deux guerres2010-03-26T12:08:53Z2010-03-26T12:08:53Zhttp://hbiotec.eu/joomla1.5/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=33:guerre-et-entre-deux-guerres&catid=24:guerre-et-entre-deux-guerres&Itemid=6Administratorpostmaster@hbiotec.eu<p> </p>
<table border="\"1\"" cellspacing="\"1\"" cellpadding="\"0\"">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Date</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Science et technologie</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Alimentation et agriculture</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Industrie, énergie et environnement</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Médecine et pharmacie</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1910 - 1920</span></td>
<td width="\"19%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Morgan </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">débute son travail sur la génétique de la drosophile : il en arrivera à la notion de gènes localisés sur les chromosomes<strong>.</strong></span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"24%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"25%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1912</span></td>
<td width="\"19%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Bragg </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">(père et fils) commencent à développer la cristallographie par Rayons X (technique de détermination de la structure spatiale des protéines)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"24%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"25%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1912 - 1914</span></td>
<td width="\"19%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><em><span style="font-family: "Times;">Röhm</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-family: "Times;"> </span></em><span style="font-family: "Times;">prend le brevet pour une préparation enzymatique pour le lavage.</span></td>
<td width="\"24%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Production d\' acétone et de butanol en Grande Bretagne (<strong><em>le procédé Weizmann</em></strong>) durant la première guerre mondiale grâce à des microorganismes (culture anaérobie stricte).</span></td>
<td width="\"25%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1916</span></td>
<td width="\"19%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Première immobilisation d\'enzymes</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"24%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"25%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1918</span></td>
<td width="\"19%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Fondation, aux Pays Bas, d\'une université d\'Agriculture à Wageningen (Pays Bas) ; début d\'une appréhension scientifique de l\'agriculture</span></td>
<td width="\"24%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Luo Guorui </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">fonde une compagnie qui produit des "digesteurs" produisant du méthane (Chine et Inde)</span></td>
<td width="\"25%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1921 - 1922</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Banting</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">, <strong>Best </strong>et <strong>Mac Leod </strong>découvrent l\'insuline.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1928</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Fleming </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">découvre la pénicilline.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1936</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Production d\'acide citrique par fermentation</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1940</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Utilisation en Allemagne de liqueurs bisulfitiques pour la production de levures alimentaires pour l\'homme : 15000 t sont produites à la fin de la guerre par an</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Isolement de la cortisone</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1941</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">"Un gène - un enzyme" (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Beadle </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et <strong>Tatum</strong>)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Production en Allemagne d\'hydrocarbures à partir du charbon (utilisation de vapeur pour produire de l\'hydrogène et du monoxyde de carbone utilisés ensuite pour le synthèse d\'hydrocarbures) et culture de micro-organismes sur ce milieu.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Florey, Chain </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et l\'équipe d\'Oxford (N G Heatley) montrent les propriétés thérapeutiques de la pénicilline. </span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Waksman<a href="\"> </a></span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">découvre un nouvel antibiotique, la streptomycine.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1944</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Début de la production industrielle de pénnicilline aux USA</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Production, en secret, de pénicilline à Delft (Pays Bas) par la compagnie <strong><em>Gist-Brocades </em></strong>(le produit avait été appelé Bacinol)</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1944</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Avery, MacLeod </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et <strong>Mac Carty</strong><a href="\"> </a>apportent la preuve que l\'ADN est le support de l\'information génétique.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1945</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Production de levures à partir de sucre de canne à la Jamaïque (durant une dizaine d\'années).</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!-- phpmyvisites --><p> </p>
<table border="\"1\"" cellspacing="\"1\"" cellpadding="\"0\"">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Date</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Science et technologie</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Alimentation et agriculture</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Industrie, énergie et environnement</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Médecine et pharmacie</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1910 - 1920</span></td>
<td width="\"19%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Morgan </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">débute son travail sur la génétique de la drosophile : il en arrivera à la notion de gènes localisés sur les chromosomes<strong>.</strong></span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"24%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"25%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1912</span></td>
<td width="\"19%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Bragg </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">(père et fils) commencent à développer la cristallographie par Rayons X (technique de détermination de la structure spatiale des protéines)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"24%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"25%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1912 - 1914</span></td>
<td width="\"19%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><em><span style="font-family: "Times;">Röhm</span></em></strong><em><span style="font-family: "Times;"> </span></em><span style="font-family: "Times;">prend le brevet pour une préparation enzymatique pour le lavage.</span></td>
<td width="\"24%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Production d\' acétone et de butanol en Grande Bretagne (<strong><em>le procédé Weizmann</em></strong>) durant la première guerre mondiale grâce à des microorganismes (culture anaérobie stricte).</span></td>
<td width="\"25%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1916</span></td>
<td width="\"19%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Première immobilisation d\'enzymes</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"24%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"25%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1918</span></td>
<td width="\"19%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Fondation, aux Pays Bas, d\'une université d\'Agriculture à Wageningen (Pays Bas) ; début d\'une appréhension scientifique de l\'agriculture</span></td>
<td width="\"24%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Luo Guorui </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">fonde une compagnie qui produit des "digesteurs" produisant du méthane (Chine et Inde)</span></td>
<td width="\"25%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1921 - 1922</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Banting</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">, <strong>Best </strong>et <strong>Mac Leod </strong>découvrent l\'insuline.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1928</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Fleming </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">découvre la pénicilline.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1936</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Production d\'acide citrique par fermentation</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1940</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Utilisation en Allemagne de liqueurs bisulfitiques pour la production de levures alimentaires pour l\'homme : 15000 t sont produites à la fin de la guerre par an</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Isolement de la cortisone</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1941</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">"Un gène - un enzyme" (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Beadle </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et <strong>Tatum</strong>)</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Production en Allemagne d\'hydrocarbures à partir du charbon (utilisation de vapeur pour produire de l\'hydrogène et du monoxyde de carbone utilisés ensuite pour le synthèse d\'hydrocarbures) et culture de micro-organismes sur ce milieu.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Florey, Chain </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et l\'équipe d\'Oxford (N G Heatley) montrent les propriétés thérapeutiques de la pénicilline. </span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Waksman<a href="\"> </a></span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">découvre un nouvel antibiotique, la streptomycine.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1944</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Début de la production industrielle de pénnicilline aux USA</span></p>
<p><span style="font-family: "Times;">- Production, en secret, de pénicilline à Delft (Pays Bas) par la compagnie <strong><em>Gist-Brocades </em></strong>(le produit avait été appelé Bacinol)</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1944</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Avery, MacLeod </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et <strong>Mac Carty</strong><a href="\"> </a>apportent la preuve que l\'ADN est le support de l\'information génétique.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1945</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Production de levures à partir de sucre de canne à la Jamaïque (durant une dizaine d\'années).</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!-- phpmyvisites -->Révolution et XIX siècle2010-03-26T12:07:00Z2010-03-26T12:07:00Zhttp://hbiotec.eu/joomla1.5/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=32:revolution-et-xix-siecle&catid=23:revolution-et-xix&Itemid=6Administratorpostmaster@hbiotec.eu<p> </p>
<table border="\"1\"" cellspacing="\"1\"" cellpadding="\"0\"">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Date</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Science et technologie</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Alimentation et agriculture</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Industrie, énergie et environnement</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Médecine et pharmacie</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1798</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1812</td>
<td> </td>
<td>sucre de betterave</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1818</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Découverte des propriétés fermentatives des levures.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1833</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Premier enzyme : la diastase (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Payen </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et </span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Persoz)</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1839</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Schleiden </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et <strong>Schwann </strong>formulent la théorie cellulaire</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1855</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Découverte de <em>Bacillus coli </em>(<em>Escherichia coli</em>) par</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Escherich</span></strong></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1859</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Darwin </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Wallace </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">publient la théorie de l\'Evolution .</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1863</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Pasteur </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">invente la pasteurisation.</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1865</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Mendel</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> publie ses observations concernant le résultat du croisement des petits pois.</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1868</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Le choléra est éradiqué en Grande Bretagne.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1869</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Simpson</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> : première installation en Grande Bretagne de filtration de l\'eau.</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1875</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1876</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Pasteur</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> démontre la véracité de la théorie des germes : les fermentations sont dues à des micro-organismes vivants.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1876</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Identification de micro-organismes dans une brasserie</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Koch</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> découvre le bacille de l\'anthrax, </span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Pasteur</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> propose le principe de l\'<em>antibiosis</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1881</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Début d\'une production microbiologique d\'acide lactique</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1883</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Weissmann </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">: les chromosomes sont les dépositaires de l\'hérédité .</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">Découverte de la bactérie du choléra par filtration</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1886</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Koch </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">isole la bactérie du cholera par filtration</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1889</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Beyerinck </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">: "Tout est partout, c\'est l\'environnement qui sélectionne".</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1890</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Première utilisation de l\'alcool comme combustible.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1897</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Buchner</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> et la fermentation acellulaire.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1902</span></td>
<td width="\"19%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"24%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"25%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Ehrlich</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> et <strong>Hata </strong>développent le "Salvarsan", premier médicament purement chimique pour traiter la syphilis.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"">1906</td>
<td width="\"19%\"">- <span style="font-family: "Times;">Première chromatographie réalisée par le botaniste russe Tswett.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\""> </td>
<td width="\"24%\""> </td>
<td width="\"25%\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1910</span></td>
<td width="\"19%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"24%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Première utilisation des micro-organismes pour le traitement des eaux usées (Grande Bretagne).</span></td>
<td width="\"25%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!-- phpmyvisites --><p> </p>
<table border="\"1\"" cellspacing="\"1\"" cellpadding="\"0\"">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Date</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Science et technologie</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Alimentation et agriculture</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Industrie, énergie et environnement</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Médecine et pharmacie</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1798</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>1812</td>
<td> </td>
<td>sucre de betterave</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1818</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Découverte des propriétés fermentatives des levures.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1833</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Premier enzyme : la diastase (</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Payen </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et </span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Persoz)</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1839</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Schleiden </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et <strong>Schwann </strong>formulent la théorie cellulaire</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1855</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Découverte de <em>Bacillus coli </em>(<em>Escherichia coli</em>) par</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Escherich</span></strong></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1859</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Darwin </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">et</span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Wallace </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">publient la théorie de l\'Evolution .</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1863</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Pasteur </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">invente la pasteurisation.</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1865</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Mendel</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> publie ses observations concernant le résultat du croisement des petits pois.</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1868</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Le choléra est éradiqué en Grande Bretagne.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1869</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Simpson</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> : première installation en Grande Bretagne de filtration de l\'eau.</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1875</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1876</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Pasteur</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> démontre la véracité de la théorie des germes : les fermentations sont dues à des micro-organismes vivants.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1876</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Identification de micro-organismes dans une brasserie</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Koch</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> découvre le bacille de l\'anthrax, </span><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Pasteur</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> propose le principe de l\'<em>antibiosis</em></span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1881</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Début d\'une production microbiologique d\'acide lactique</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1883</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Weissmann </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">: les chromosomes sont les dépositaires de l\'hérédité .</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">Découverte de la bactérie du choléra par filtration</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1886</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Koch </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">isole la bactérie du cholera par filtration</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1889</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Beyerinck </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">: "Tout est partout, c\'est l\'environnement qui sélectionne".</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1890</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Première utilisation de l\'alcool comme combustible.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1897</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Buchner</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> et la fermentation acellulaire.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1902</span></td>
<td width="\"19%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"24%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"25%\"" valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Ehrlich</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> et <strong>Hata </strong>développent le "Salvarsan", premier médicament purement chimique pour traiter la syphilis.</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"">1906</td>
<td width="\"19%\"">- <span style="font-family: "Times;">Première chromatographie réalisée par le botaniste russe Tswett.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\""> </td>
<td width="\"24%\""> </td>
<td width="\"25%\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1910</span></td>
<td width="\"19%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"24%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Première utilisation des micro-organismes pour le traitement des eaux usées (Grande Bretagne).</span></td>
<td width="\"25%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!-- phpmyvisites -->MoyenAge, Reniassance et Age classique2010-03-26T12:05:00Z2010-03-26T12:05:00Zhttp://hbiotec.eu/joomla1.5/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=31:moyenage-reniassance-et-age-classique&catid=22:ma-ren-et-classique&Itemid=6Administratorpostmaster@hbiotec.eu<table border="\"1\"" cellspacing="\"1\"" cellpadding="\"0\"">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Date</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Science et technologie</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Alimentation et agriculture</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Industrie, énergie et environnement</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Médecine et pharmacie</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1100</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Obtention, dans le cadre de pratiques alchimiques, d\'alcool (éthylique) pur par distillation</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1300</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Développement des moulins à eau en Europe</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">. </span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1521</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Les <em>Azteques, </em>au Mexique, utilisent comme aliment les algues récoltées dans les lacs.</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1650</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Redi</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"><a href="http://www.hbiotec.eu/"> </a>rejette la génération spontanée.</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Début de la culture des champignons "de couche" en France.</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1670</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Fondation de grandes brasseries.</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Utilisation des micro-organismes pour la concentration des métaux.</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1680</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">van Leeuwenhoek</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"><a href="http://www.hbiotec.eu/"> </a>observe des cellules en utilisant un nouvel instrument, le microscope, dont il est l'inventeur.</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1727</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Fondation de <em>Villmorin-Andrieux</em>, célèbre maison française de semences.</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!-- phpmyvisites --><table border="\"1\"" cellspacing="\"1\"" cellpadding="\"0\"">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Date</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Science et technologie</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Alimentation et agriculture</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Industrie, énergie et environnement</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Médecine et pharmacie</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1100</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Obtention, dans le cadre de pratiques alchimiques, d\'alcool (éthylique) pur par distillation</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1300</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Développement des moulins à eau en Europe</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">. </span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1521</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Les <em>Azteques, </em>au Mexique, utilisent comme aliment les algues récoltées dans les lacs.</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1650</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Redi</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"><a href="http://www.hbiotec.eu/"> </a>rejette la génération spontanée.</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Début de la culture des champignons "de couche" en France.</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1670</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Fondation de grandes brasseries.</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Utilisation des micro-organismes pour la concentration des métaux.</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1680</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">van Leeuwenhoek</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"><a href="http://www.hbiotec.eu/"> </a>observe des cellules en utilisant un nouvel instrument, le microscope, dont il est l'inventeur.</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1727</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Fondation de <em>Villmorin-Andrieux</em>, célèbre maison française de semences.</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!-- phpmyvisites -->Protohistoire et antiquité2010-03-26T10:55:54Z2010-03-26T10:55:54Zhttp://hbiotec.eu/joomla1.5/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=30:protohistoire-et-antiquite&catid=21:protophistoire-et-antiquite&Itemid=6Administratorpostmaster@hbiotec.eu<p> </p>
<p> </p>
<table border="\"1\"" cellspacing="\"1\"" cellpadding="\"0\"">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Date</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Science et technologie</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Alimentation et agriculture</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Industrie, énergie et environnement</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Médecine et pharmacie</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">15000 Av JC</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Premières formes d\'utilisation empirique de la fermentation</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">9000 Av JC</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Formes primitives d\'obtention de boissons alcoolisées, de pain, de fromage et de yoghurt</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">6000 Av JC</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Fabrication de bière par les <em>Sumériens</em></span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">4000 Av JC</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Les <em>Egyptiens </em>utilisent la levure pour la fabrication du pain et les moisissures pour la production de fromage.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Les <em>Chinois</em> utilisent du soja moisi pour le traitement des infections de la peau.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">2000 Av JC à <br />600</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Culture de la vigne et amélioration des cultures alimentaires.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1000 Av JC</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Les <em>Babyloniens </em>réalisent la pollinisation manuelle des palmiers datiers.</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">400 Av JC</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Hippocrate</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> fonde une célèbre école de médecine en Grèce</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">320 Av JC</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Aristote </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">: philosophe <br />(et scientifique)</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\"">200</td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Galien, </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">médecin et chirurgien romai</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!-- phpmyvisites --><p> </p>
<p> </p>
<table border="\"1\"" cellspacing="\"1\"" cellpadding="\"0\"">
<tbody>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Date</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Science et technologie</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Alimentation et agriculture</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Industrie, énergie et environnement</span></strong></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\"">
<p> </p>
<strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Médecine et pharmacie</span></strong></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">15000 Av JC</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Premières formes d\'utilisation empirique de la fermentation</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">9000 Av JC</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Formes primitives d\'obtention de boissons alcoolisées, de pain, de fromage et de yoghurt</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">6000 Av JC</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Fabrication de bière par les <em>Sumériens</em></span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">4000 Av JC</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Les <em>Egyptiens </em>utilisent la levure pour la fabrication du pain et les moisissures pour la production de fromage.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Les <em>Chinois</em> utilisent du soja moisi pour le traitement des infections de la peau.</span></td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td width="\"9%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">2000 Av JC à <br />600</span></td>
<td width="\"17%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Culture de la vigne et amélioration des cultures alimentaires.</span></td>
<td width="\"20%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td width="\"23%\"" valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">1000 Av JC</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">Les <em>Babyloniens </em>réalisent la pollinisation manuelle des palmiers datiers.</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">400 Av JC</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Hippocrate</span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;"> fonde une célèbre école de médecine en Grèce</span></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\""><span style="font-family: "Times;">320 Av JC</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Aristote </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">: philosophe <br />(et scientifique)</span></td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td valign="\"top\"">200</td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""> </td>
<td valign="\"top\""><strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">Galien, </span></strong><span style="font-family: "Times;">médecin et chirurgien romai</span></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<!-- phpmyvisites -->Introduction aux repères d'une histoire des biotechnologies2010-03-26T10:25:53Z2010-03-26T10:25:53Zhttp://hbiotec.eu/joomla1.5/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=17:introduction-aux-reperes-dune-histoire-des-biotechnologies&catid=15:histoire-des-biotechnologies&Itemid=6Administratorpostmaster@hbiotec.eu<p>Sont présentés des tableaux dans lesquels sont repérés certains événements de l'historie des sciences et des techniques.</p>
<!-- phpmyvisites --><p>Sont présentés des tableaux dans lesquels sont repérés certains événements de l'historie des sciences et des techniques.</p>
<!-- phpmyvisites -->